[Wikiedia] Proclamation of Neutrality https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality The Proclamation of Neutrality was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.
Background News that Revolutionary France had declared war on Great Britain in February 1793, and with this declaration that France, by the country's own volition,
Proclamation Cabinet debate Washington's cabinet members agreed that neutrality was essential; the nation was too young and its military was too small to risk any sort of engagement with either France or Britain. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, in particular, saw in this question, as well as in the other twelve, the influence of the Federalists - his political rivals; yet he too agreed a proclamation was in order, though perhaps not an official one.
Pacificus-Helvidius debates The proclamation started a war of pamphlets between Hamilton (writing for the Federalists), and Madison (writing for the Jeffersonian/Republicans). In his seven essays, written under the nom de plume "Pacificus", Hamilton dealt with objections to the proclamation. Among these were:
*The decree was, in fact, constitutional; for while Congress has the sole right to declare war, it is "the duty of the executive to preserve peace till war is declared."[3] *The Neutrality Proclamation did not violate the United States' defensive alliance with France, as the Jeffersonians were claiming. The treaty, Hamilton pointed out, was a defensive alliance and did not apply to offensive wars, "and it was France that had declared war upon other European powers", not the other way around.[4] *By siding with France the United States would have left itself open to attacks within American borders by the governments of Britain and Spain stirring up "numerous Indian tribes" influenced by these two governments.
Writing under the name "Helvidius", Madison's five essays showed the animosity that had evolved with the two political factions. He attacked Federalists, and Hamilton in particular, and anyone who supported the Neutrality Proclamation as secret monarchists, declaring: "Several features with the signature of Pacificus were [as of] late published, which have been read with singular pleasure and applause by the foreigners and degenerate citizens among us, who hate our republican government and the French Revolution." 0250名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 21:51:39.99ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 [Human Events Powerful Conservative Voices] Derek Khanna Wednesday Sep 4, 2013 12:52 PM Framers: No, Obama cannot attack Syria without Congress http://humanevents.com/2013/09/04/framers-no-the-president-cannot-attack-syria-without-congress-say-so/ [This article first appeared at Politix.com.]
It's well known that the power to declare war is left with Congress in Article 1, Section 8 of America's constitution. With that in mind, how can Obama unilaterally attack Syria without congressional approval? The answer is, he can't, not without an imminent threat to the US, and that becomes especially clear when you look at what America's founders had to say about war powers. Washington, Madison, Jefferson, Adams, and Hamilton all agreed that the power to declare war belongs absolutely to Congress, and not to presidents. In the wake of Assad's alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria, it has been reported that the White House was planning on responding with military force without congressional approval. But as congressional opposition began to mount, and a vote in the UK failed, then President Obama ultimately decided to involve Congress in the decision. All the while, the White House and Secretary of State John Kerry have maintained that the president has the authority to use force with or without the approval of Congress, and even if Congress were to vote down approval. (This is in significant contrast to in the UK where once the parliament voted down military action the Prime Minister acknowledged that he could not act.)
In the arena of war powers, Congress's constitutional role is not merely one of oversight. *** The US cannot initiate a war without affirmative action from Congress, other than in exigent circumstances that may require immediate action (if the US is attacked). Congress is not fulfilling its constitutionally-appointed role if it merely assumes an oversight position, with a select few Congress members being informed of ongoing military activities either through statute or through informal practices. Failure to act is itself the equivalent of a constitutionally enabled congressional "veto." As explained by Alexander Hamilton, a strong Federalist: The plain meaning [of the power to declare war] is, that it is the peculiar and exclusive province of Congress, when the nation is at peace to change that state into a state of war; whether from calculations of policy, or from provocations, or injuries received: in other words, it belongs to Congress only, to go to War.
*** Perhaps the best source to understand the Congressional role in war-power vis-a-vis the President can be found in the Pacificus-Helvidius debates of Alexander Hamilton against James Madison. While debating the Constitutionality of President Washington's decision to issue a statement of neutrality in regard to ongoing hostilities between France and Britain, these two founders provide significant depth to understanding what was meant by the Constitutional text. While the founders clearly didn't agree, Alexander Hamilton was the federalist in favor of the most executive power, for that reason quotations by him were chosen above. To even among the most federalist oriented of our founding fathers, Congress's role in war-making was much more significant than mere oversight of the executive. These debates can be found here. 0251名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 21:52:22.49ID:bvV7N+jv0 もう一度第三次世界大戦を欧州で起こしたいと クズすぎだろ 0252名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 21:53:29.55ID:nZy9JL6V0>>251 そんなこと言ったの？ 0253名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 21:54:08.86ID:Y3Q3z12x0 日本がどうこう喚いてるのがいるけど日本は殆ど 何もして無いんですけど・・・
[Wikipedia] John Paul Jones https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones John Paul Jones (July 6, 1747 - July 18, 1792) was a Scottish American sailor and the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolutionary War. Career Revolutionary War command Ranger attacks the British After some early successes against British merchant shipping in the Irish Sea, on April 17, 1778, Jones persuaded his crew to participate in an assault on Whitehaven, the town where his maritime career had begun.[ The "John Paul Jones flag" was entered into Dutch records to help Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the Serapis under an "unknown flag." "Paul Jones the Pirate", British caricature Russian service At length, this too expired and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787 to enter into the service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, who placed great confidence in Jones, saying: "He will get to Constantinople." Legacy On April 24, 1906, Jones's coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, following a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt who gave a lengthy tributary speech. On January 26, 1913, the Captain's remains were finally re-interred in a magnificent bronze and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis. 0257名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:00:42.08ID:dsiCt3kr0 冷戦時代はドイツも軍備重視してただろ
[Wikipedia] 名目GDPのランキング2016年。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal) List by the International Monetary Fund (Estimates for 2016 順位 国名 (百万ドル) 8 イタリア 1,852,500 9 ブラジル 1,769,600 10 カナダ 1,532,340 11 韓国 1,404,380 12 ロシア 1,267,750 15 メキシコ 1,063,610 0262名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:09:04.78ID:o+x56nf30>>6 アメリカ以外の選択肢なんてあるわけ無い アメリカの西海岸と東海岸で割れたらどうするのか？という仮定なら議論にはなるだろうが 0263名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:10:03.37ID:den8nIGh0 そろそろ始めるんです？ 0264名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:10:10.48ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 ロシアよりトンキンの方がGDPは大きい。ロシアよりカリフォルニアの方がGDPは大きい。 米軍はトンキンを空爆すべきだな。
[Verdict]3rd February 2017 Biggest city beats biggest country: Tokyo’s pulled further ahead of Russia by GDP https://www.verdict.co.uk/tokyos-further-ahead-of-russia-by-gdp/ Tokyo pulled further ahead of Russia in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP) as the world continues to shift towards city dominance. 0265名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:10:37.86ID:T+qoe5+b0 >一加盟国への攻撃は全加盟国への攻撃だとするNATO発足時の誓約を確認する内容となったが NATOに限らずに国連による集団安全保障を強化した方がいいでしょう。 ・国連軍が保持する事で自衛の為として各国で保持する必要性が薄れるし、一国の主観で使われにくくなる。 ・より大きな軍事力(核兵器の様な攻撃性が高い兵器ほど重く評価)を保持している国ほど国連軍への拠出義務が重くなる様にすれば脅威を高めている国ほど負担が重くなる。 0266名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:12:01.60ID:dsiCt3kr0 ウンコを食べる韓国人
Canada expected to spend less on defence in 2018 than last year, NATO report says https://globalnews.ca/news/4324547/canada-spending-less-defence-nato-report/0274名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:16:11.67ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 アメリカ合衆国は、今すぐ、アメリカ合衆国国内で、国民公的皆保険を実現しろ！ アメリカ合衆国は、今すぐ、アメリカ合衆国国内だけで、アメリカ合衆国国民のためだけの、労働組合を、復活させろ! アメリカ合衆国は、今すぐ、アメリカ合衆国国内だけで、アメリカ合衆国国民のためだけに、独占禁止法を復活させろ! アメリカ合衆国は、今すぐ、アメリカ合衆国国内だけで、アメリカ合衆国国民の間だけで、貧富の差を縮小しろ! アメリカ合衆国の失業率は、今すぐ、2%にしろ。 アメリカ合衆国国民の最低賃金は、今すぐ、一人当たり一年当たり7万ドルにしろ。
[NewYorkTimes]June 19, 2018 Governors Refuse to Send National Guard to Border, Citing Child Separation Practice https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/19/us/national-guard-trump-children-immigration.html Governors from at least eight states have announced that they would withhold or recall National Guard troops from efforts to secure the United States’ border with Mexico, as the debate over the Trump administration’s practice of separating children from their parents at the southern border seeped into state political battles in an election year.
Many of the governors opposed to sending troops were Democrats, from states including New York, North Carolina and Virginia. But two Republican governors who face re-elections this fall in Maryland and Massachusetts also reversed their plans. 0286名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:22:34.07ID:Y3Q3z12x0 防衛費をＧＤＰの２％に上げるってオバマ政権時のときに約束した時は誰も批判せずに その約束をちゃんと守れよと言ったトランプを批判するなんてどう考えてもおかしいだろ？
日本およびドイツを徹底的に糾弾しろ！、 日本およびドイツは、第2次大戦について巨額の賠償をしろ！ 0313名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:33:49.94ID:Y3Q3z12x0>>306 ロシアがクリミア取った時も国連は何の役にも立たなかったじゃんか もう国連に期待したって無理だって・・・ 0314名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:34:05.39ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 Allahu Akbar! The U.S. must take Monroe Doctrine now. The U.S. must withdraw American Forces from all Foreign Countries now. Stop America's doing its all wars now!
I love American99% and the U.S.
China, Germany and Japan must loosen Germany's, Japan's and China's monetary policies now! China, Germany and Japan must stimulate Germany's, Japan's and China's domestic demands now! Japan and Germany must issue a lot of construction bond now! Japan and Germany must reduce Germany's, Japan's and China's taxes now! The U.S. must tighten its monetary policy now! As a result, Dollar value will rise! The U.S. will have trade surplus!
Japan and Germany are evil empires. Islamists' true enemies are Japan, Germany, FRB, Top1%, Wall Street, American Military Industry and DOD! Japan is the country which has been promoting Globalization!!! Allahu Akbar!
American Revolutionary War! We American 99% have the 2nd amendment! American Revolutionary War!
Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and Japanese-bureaucrats are the main largest promoters of FTA. Wall-Street, American-top1%, American-Military-Industry are colluding with Japan and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). 0315名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:37:12.53ID:Y3Q3z12x0 アメリカと言うかトランプが今やってる事は同盟関係を壊すわけではなく 同盟国にもそれ相応の負担をちゃんとやれと言ってるだけでしょ？
[Wikipedia] Double-headed eagle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in heraldry and vexillology. It is most commonly associated with the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire and their successor states. In Byzantine heraldry, the heads represent the Emperor having authority over both secular and religious matters, Byzantine emperors were regarded as Christ's viceregent on Earth. It also signified the dominance of the Byzantine Emperors over both East and West. In the Holy Roman Empire's heraldry, it represented the church and the state. Several Eastern European nations adopted it from the Byzantines and continue to use it as their national symbol to this day. 0330名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:47:31.27ID:pGEqTaJC0 これなんで金払わないの？ 0331名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:47:46.80ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 [Wikipedia] Coat of arms of Russia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia
Historical versions Evolution The use of the double-headed eagle as a Russian coat of arms goes back to the 15th century. With the fall of Constantinople and the end of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the Grand Dukes of Muscovy came to see themselves as the successors of the Byzantine heritage, a notion reinforced by the marriage of Ivan III to Sophia Paleologue (hence the expression "Third Rome" for Moscow and, by extension, for the whole of Imperial Russia). Ivan adopted the golden Byzantine double-headed eagle in his seal, first documented in 1472, marking his direct claim to the Roman imperial heritage and posing as a sovereign equal and rival to the Holy Roman Empire.
Description and usage The modern arms of Russia were instated by a presidential decree in 1993, and then by a federal law signed by President Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000. 0332名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:48:52.04ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 オマエラニホンは、日本に都合がよくないから、第2次大戦後の冷戦期ばかりに着目した説明を行う。だから教育がおかしいんだ。 オマエラ日本の日本史も、連合軍最高司令部GHQの命令で第2次大戦後だけにしとくべきだったなｗｗｗ
[Wikipedia] Sophia Palaiologina http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina Zoe Palaiologina, who later changed her name to Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Duchess of Moscow, was a niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI and second wife of Ivan III of Russia. She was also the grandmother of Ivan the Terrible. 0333名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:48:54.21ID:Ex7XxTgF0 クロアチアがW杯決勝まで行ったけど、クロアチアも旧ユーゴのゴタゴタして 分裂した国家だっけ。あの辺りはよくわからんな。 0334名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:49:56.36ID:5Pbn9Tj+0 オマエラニホン人がどんぐり拾ってイノシシ狩りして狩猟採集生活していた頃、 あいつらはローマ共和国で選挙していたの。 俺はナチが嫌いだ。俺はドイツが嫌いだ。
[Wikipedia] Byzantine Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire The Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, was the predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the eastern part of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), originally founded as Byzantium. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 under the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror.
Constantine XI died without producing an heir, and had Constantinople not fallen he might have been succeeded by the sons of his deceased elder brother, who were taken into the palace service of Mehmed II after the fall of Constantinople. Mehmed II and his successors continued to consider themselves heirs to the Roman Empire until the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. They considered that they had simply shifted its religious basis as Constantine had done before, and they continued to refer to their conquered Eastern Roman inhabitants (Orthodox Christians) as Rum. Meanwhile, the Danubian Principalities (whose rulers also considered themselves the heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors[159]) harboured Orthodox refugees, including some Byzantine nobles.
At his death, the role of the emperor as a patron of Eastern Orthodoxy was claimed by Ivan III, Grand duke of Muscovy. He had married Andreas' sister, Sophia Paleologue, whose grandson, Ivan IV, would become the first Tsar of Russia (tsar, or czar, meaning caesar, is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine Emperors). Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople.
Following the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II took the title "Kaysar-i Rum" (the Ottoman Turkish equivalent of Caesar of Rome), since he was determined to make the Ottoman Empire the heir of the Eastern Roman Empire. According to Cameron, regarding themselves as "heirs" of Byzantium, the Ottomans preserved important aspects of its tradition, which in turn facilitated an "Orthodox revival" during the post-communist period of the Eastern European states. 0335名無しさん＠１周年2018/07/12(木) 22:50:47.33ID:Y3Q3z12x0 これもさっきＢＳ１で言ってたんだけどドイツ軍の６０％は 技術的な問題で機能して無いとか言ってたよ・・・
